Never Take God's Love for Granted

Christians have been advised to renew their faith in God during this Lenten season, by appreciating God’s tender love and mercy shown towards humanity. Rev. Fr. Solomon Yayra Xeflide of the St. James Catholic Church, Osu RE, in the Archdiocese of Accra, who led the 2023 Lenten Retreat for members of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul of St. Thomas Aquinas Parish, University of Ghana, Legon, reiterated the need to draw closer to the love of God. Speaking on the theme: ‘His Boundless Love Reaches Out To All Men’ at the SVD Home for Aged Religious at McCarthy Hill, Fr. Xeflide extolled God’s attribute of love to humanity, but warned against the tendency to take this love for granted. The Retreat Master who noted that the stories in the Bible reflects God’s love for humanity, stressed that Christ’s sacrificing his life in order to redeem humanity, was the greatest example of love every Christian should treasure. Fr. Xeflide stated that the love of God was always present, and charge Christians to endeavour speaking God’s language of love, by identifying the divine love through constant prayers and seeking deeper personal intimacy with Him. As part of the retreat, members of the society participated in the Stations of the Cross; Sacrament Reconciliation, and Adoration of the Holy Eucharist, which was climaxed with a Holy Mass. The Society also made a donation of assorted items to the retired Religious. Prof. Onike Rodrigues, President of the Society, who thanked the Priest, Choristers and members for participating at the Retreat, expressed the hope that the exercise would go a long way to strengthen the spirituality of members. In attendance was the St. James Youth Choir, which sang the Mass and accompanied the group in the retreat programme with melodious hymns. With a focus of providing personal service to the poor and less privileged in our society, the Society of St Vincent de Paul, founded in 1833 by Blessed Antoine-Frédéric Ozanam, is an international voluntary charity organisation in the Catholic Church. Over the years, the society strives to meet the needs of the needy and vulnerable in our society.

Make the Time

Time is a priceless gift of measure.
TIME and energy are two unique gifts we need.
But since every day is a journey of time,
There are times we become too routine to appreciate the true value of TIME.
Sometimes it's okay we could be hard-pressed for time,
We could even be on time or behind time.
But in between morning, afternoon, and evening times
Between the jolly-silent times of a lifetime are the end times.
And while being mindful of these hard times, we have to make time to connect the essential dots of life.
While making judicious use of these times, it's vital to appreciate every moment, because there is NO TIME.
And whether we have divine timing (God's Time), World Time, African Time, or the Greenwich Mean Time, or if you like the Ghana Man Time, we technically don't have time to waste.

Kindly make the time to:

  1. Connect with people (loved ones, the vulnerable, and those who need your attention)

  2. Communicate (Pray to God, Listen to your partners) 

  3. Care (Reflect, Rethink, and Reach out).
In the meantime please let us make time to intentionally live, learn, relearn, relive, and rethink every action we take.
Greetings from me to you.
©KYB ✍🏿 23-02-23

We Cannot be Indifferent to plight of Sick

With the prevailing economic conditions and the challenges caregivers go through to cater for the sick, Most Rev. Gabriel Edoe Kumordji, SVD, Bishop of Keta-Akatsi Diocese, reiterated the need for health workers and caregivers not to neglect the sick and the aged suffering from several ailment. He decried instances where sick people were abandoned, unattended to and often die out of hunger. “We cannot be indifferent to the suffering of the sick” he stressed, and challenged health workers and caregivers to take greater care of the sick and assist them in the journey to their recovery. The Bishop made these remarks during Keta-Akatsi Diocesan celebration of the 31st World Day of the Sick (WDS) at the Joseph Cramers New Look Optical Centre, Dzelukope, near Keta in the Volta Region, under the theme: “Take care of Him” Compassion As a Synodal Exercise of Healing. He reminded the faithful and health workers about their responsibility to care for the sick and those discharged from the hospital, adding that lack of maximum care which make people lonely, causes their death. The Bishop urged Ghanaians, especially Christians to make time to visit the sick or even knock on the door of the sick or convalescent patient to regularly check on them and ask of their well-being, noting that these little acts could go a long way to facilitate their recovery and ultimate healing. Likewise, the Chief of Dzelukope, Torgbui Gatsiko IV commended the Catholic Church for instituting the World Day of the Sick, and stressed the need to love and care for the sick. Stating that “since we are all susceptible to sickness” it was only proper to take greater care of sick people in our midst, show compassion to them and walk with them to recover. In a remark, Hon. Emmauel Gemegah, Keta Municipal Chief Executive who also acknowledged the Catholic Church for its numerous contributions in education and healthcare delivery, urged the Church, which first piloted the mutual health insurance scheme in the 90s, which the State adopted to start the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), to reinstitute the scheme for the Church to augment government’s effort. He added that the Church with its sterling leadership could even start a Bank to offer efficient banking experience just like it has done in the areas of education and healthcare provision. As part of the celebration, Very Rev. Fr. Lt. Col. Winfred Delali Kodzo Sraha (Rtd), Keta-Akatsi Diocesan Administrator of Health praised the health workers in all the six health facilities in the Diocese for their hard work and urged them to continue giving of their best to sustain the healing ministry. He also announced the elevation of the Joseph Cramers New Look Optical Centre, Dzelukope to the status of a Clinic and expressed appreciation to all staff who kept the dream of the founder the late Rev. Fr. Joseph Cramers SMA, alive. Re-echoing the Pope Francis’ message for the day, Fr. Sraha noted that the WDS is an invitation for stakeholders to reflect on the life of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:35) and engage with the vulnerable lovingly. The World Day of the Sick instituted in 1992 by Saint Pope John Paul II, aims at celebrating the sacrifices and amazing work done by Catholic healthcare organisations in the face of poverty, inequality, and pandemic.

Gratitude Notes VI

Making a good night memory requires a reflection on our experiences in the day and the special moments shared.
Whether pleasant or unpleasant, we have to be thankful for the rich moments we lived in this day.
Wishing you soothing rest.
Be Blessed abundantly
Good Night 😴
©KYB✍🏿09/11/22

St. Vincent reaches out to Lepers in Ghana

Stirred by the desire to reach out and support the less privileged in society, the National Board and leadership of the Society of St Vincent de Paul (SSVP) to visited and interacted with the cured Lepers at the Weija Leprosarium in Accra. Buoyed by the mission of the society and the zeal of their Spiritual Director, Very Rev. Fr. Andrews Campbell, SVD, the SSVP leadership, accordioning to Mr Vincent J. Ahulu, National President of the Society took the initiative to reach out to the cured Lepers. He reiterated the need to extend care to the needy by using the commitment of society to continue prioritising care for the vulnerable. At a Holy Mass that heralded the visit, the leadership could help but join the members to sing to animate the celebration, which was presided over by Rev. Fr. Abraham Kwasi Dzibitor, SVD, the Provincial Secretary of the Ghana-Liberia Province of the Divine Word Missionaries. Stressing the importance of gratitude in one’s life, Fr Dzibitor in a homily, observed that “gratitude isan attitude we should embrace in our lives”. “If someone does something for you, however simple it may be, we have to show gratitude” he stated, emphasising that gratitude comes from the depths of ones hearts. Stating further that gratitude goes beyond saying thank you, the Homilist urged the beneficiaries to constantly remember their benefactors in their prayers. As part of the visit, the SSVP leadership presented assorted items including a lunch pack, provisions for breakfast, soft drinks and toiletries as well as made GH¢ 5,000 cash to the cured Lepers. Likewise, Mr John Ampao, Prefect of the Leprosarium, thanked the Society for the gesture and prayed that the success of the group and its members. Among the leadership of the SSVP at the programme, were Lt. Gen. Augustine Blay, National Vice President of the Society and Mr Gabriel Asempa Antwi- National T

reasurer of the group.

An Evening Wink

An evening windy sunset winked again at our walk with Wednesday.
Time and again, we hear we are running out of time, even when we seem to be racing with it and not enjoying enough of its romance.

But what's the time again, please?
What's clocking the hour, please?
What moment is it, please?
How much time do we have?

Well, since we can not tell how much time we all still have,
Perhaps we should reflect on our lives and be measured and mindful of what we ought to do with the gift of life.

I just remembered You.
And this is to wish you the best of the evening.
Have a blessed evening.🌺
Greetings 😉 😉 
©KYB ✍🏿24/08/22

Buffer Zone Regulations development Underway

*Ing. Dr. Clifford Briamah, M.D of GWCL limited 

delivering the address.  

Madam Cecilia Abena Dapaah, Minister for Sanitation and Water Resources has announced that the Ministry with support from the World Bank is developing the Buffer Zone Regulations to strengthen the regulatory processes of watersheds in the country.

She called on Ghanaians to protect and preserve the vegetation along the banks of water bodies in order to safeguard the water resources. 

Madam Dapaah made the statement in a speech read on her behalf by Dr. Clifford Briamah, Managing Director of Ghana Water Company Limited, during the tree planting exercise along the Weija Dam Acquisition site, to mark this year’s Green Ghana Day.

She bemoaned the recalcitrance and impunity of some primary stakeholders in and around the Weija Dam Acquisition site and stressed the commitment of the ministry and the Water Resources Commission as well as the stakeholders to eradicate encroachment and water pollution activities to protect the dam and the water resources.

“We must bear in mind that the State compulsorily acquired this important buffer zone to conserve the water resources that serve as the source of water for over 5 million people within the Greater Accra and Central Regions” she stressed.

Highlighting the importance of the day, the Acting Executive Secretary for the Water Resources Commission, Mrs. Adwoa Dorcas Paintsil, noted the relevance of trees and vegetation and appealed to the people to support efforts of protecting the vegetation.

She said planting trees to protect and restore the vegetation around the buffer zones, was a vital exercise to preserve, protect and prevent the pollution of our water bodies.  

Since water was key to our survival, Madam Paintsil stressed the need for all to collaborate with the Water Resources Commission to protect the buffer zones from encroachers.

Mr. Stanley Martey, Chief Manager, Public Relations mentioned the essence of the day and called for efforts to preserve the trees and the vegetation around the water body.

Similarly, Naa Amakuma Otudom II, Queen Mother of Weija, who chaired the programme, stated that “when the last trees die the last man dies,” charged Ghanaians to inculcate the value of planting trees to conserve the forests.

‘Eliminate Barriers to Fish Passage’-WRC

With the stated decline in migratory fish species in rivers, Madam Adwoa Paintsil, Acting Executive Secretary of the Water Resources Commission has called for the restoration, opening, and maintenance of the habitat for fishes by eliminating barriers to the fish passage as well as improving in-stream, floodplain and mash conditions.

She made the appeal during the recent World Fish Migration Day observed in Wa, Upper West Region, adding that Migratory Fish needed free migration routes in order to migrate, reproduce, feed, and complete their life cycle. 

“The more people were aware of the huge challenge fishes faced in the world, the more opportunities we give them”, she noted, adding that once fishes do not reach their habitat, they cannot produce and maintain their population.

Madam Paintsil observed that through the integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach, WRC provides guidelines for the proper utilisation, conservation, development, and improvement of water resources which helps protect the fishes in their natural habitat.

She stressed that removing barriers to fish passage would help recover threatened and endangered migratory fish and support the sustainability of economically important commercial and recreational fish.

Likewise, Mr. Ben Yaw Ampomah, immediate past Executive Secretary of WRC who chaired the Programme, noted that between 1970 and 2016 the population of migratory freshwater fish species declined by 76% on average.

He added that the celebration of the World Fish Migration Day gives attention to fishes and ways to help protect and preserve our rivers and fishes. It also helps raise the needed awareness as an essential step to make real change for migratory fish species and the rivers they rely on.   

Dr. Hafiz Ben Salih, Upper West Regional Minister in a keynote address observed that Migratory fish typically travel through rivers to complete their life cycle, with some swimming more than 10, 000km, adding that billions of people around the world depend on them for food, sport and research.

He bemoaned the fact that many migratory fish species are critically endangered or threatened. Moreover, illegal mining, farming, and harvesting of firewood within the riparian buffer zones as well as crude fishing practices were factors contributing to the degradation of the Volta Basin’s major water resources, especially the Black Volta River. 

To this end, the Upper West Regional Coordinating Director, Mr. Peter Maala Suglo, who represented the Minister, commended the IUCN for its pioneering efforts, as well as the Swedish International Development Cooperation for their support, and called on stakeholders to forge a closer collaboration that will ensure the protection of the water resources and the fishes.

As part of the occasion, there was a site visit to acquaint dignitaries with fish culture in a part of Wa. 

Adoagyiri Catholic Youth Choir Outdoors Album

*The Youth Choir 

It was an evening of joyful moments filled with lively medleys of songs aimed at animating the faith of the patrons and well-wishers, during the launch of the maiden album of the St. Joseph the Worker Youth Choir at Nsawam-Adoagyiri.

The maiden album titled: ‘Yen Aseda Ni’ which is a gospel genre with a collection of ten (10) songs was the first of its kind at the Church, a feat many patrons were proud of.

With the launch of the album, Rev. Fr. Andrew Kwami Dunyo, Priest at the St. Joseph the Worker Parish, noted that the Choir has added another chapter to the annals of the Koforidua Diocese.

He congratulated the Choir and their collaborators as they sought ways to enhance and animate liturgical celebrations in the Church.   

Likewise, Dr. Eric Debrah Okyere, Lecturer and Chairman at the launch, expressed excitement at the laudable feat of the Choir and urged them not to relax on their oars.

He called on Catholics to value the good things in the Church and support Choirs making efforts to enliven the Church programme.

The high point of the launch was when the renowned Composer Newlove Annan took the floor to conduct the mass Choir rendering two popular songs under his belt: “But they the wait upon the Lord’ and ‘Your Grace and Mercy’, which many patrons and present to dance.

According to Kofi Selawoe Atiglah, the Choir started in 2000 when Rev. Fr Emmanuel Debrah, then Priest-in-Charge of the Church shared the vision of starting a youth Choir at the Parish when he taught the song ‘Mum be Hwe Nyame bi’ at the Church to help animate the liturgy.

In spite of the challenges, the Choir which is the current defending champion of music in the Koforidua Diocese is poised to sustain its performance and animate the liturgical celebration.

Mr. Atiglah commended the Priests, Patrons, Parishioners of the St. Joseph the Worker Parish, and all collaborators who supported the Choir over the years.

The first copy of the CD/flash drive was purchased by His Lordship Bernard Bentil, Patron of the Choir for GH¢ 2,000.00.

In attendance were the St. Joseph the Worker Main Choir and the St. John’s Youth Choir from Nsawam, which supported the launch. 

*The Youth Choir performing at the Launch

Tempting Testament

In the testament of time,

Tempting tides tickle,

The templates of our temperament.

In the testimony of a term,

Typical tricks touches,

The tails of our trips.

In the text of these terminals, 

Tactical trust in these trends,

Tells the truth in our tempo.

In the transition of these tasks,

The thrillers in our tendencies,

Taste the treats in the traits.

In the tournaments of these thoughts,

Treaties of truce in turns and twirls,

Tames the threat of triggering the Trinity,

To terminate the transmission of traditional trophies.

In tracing the tracks of this third thread in town,

Let's beware of the tasty and tempting trials,

That could truncate access to our treasures,

After all our troubles here. 

Best wishes to you.

Stay blessed.

Greetings 

©KYB ✍🏿1/03/20

Communicating Amid Contagion: Appraising a Faith-Based Health Provider’s Response to the 2014–2015 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in Ghana

ABSTRACT

The 2014–2015 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa exposed the extent to which health system resilience depends on effective crisis and risk communication. While considerable scholarship has examined national and international response mechanisms, comparatively little attention has been paid to how faith-based health providers, which deliver an estimated 30–35% of health services in Ghana, organised their own communication response. This article draws on a mixed-methods study of the National Catholic Health Service (NCHS), Ghana’s largest faith-based health network, to appraise the communication strategies it deployed during the outbreak period. Using survey data from 100 health workers across two NCHS facilities and interviews with programme officers, the study finds that although the NCHS lacked a documented outbreak communication plan, it achieved wide message reach through Social Mobilisation and Information Education Communication (IEC) approaches anchored in staff durbars, congregational networks, and social media. Yet 56% of respondents identified persistent gaps, particularly around fear management and message translation. The article argues that faith-based providers require dedicated, pre-negotiated risk communication protocols integrated with national frameworks, rather than improvised adaptation during crisis, and proposes this integration as a concrete policy contribution to Ghana’s outbreak preparedness architecture.

Keywords: Ebola Virus Disease; health communication; faith-based health providers; crisis and risk communication; social mobilisation; Ghana

INTRODUCTION

When the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak swept through Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone between 2014 and 2015, it infected more than 28,000 people and killed over 11,000, exposing profound weaknesses in West African health systems (World Health Organization [WHO], 2018). Ghana recorded no confirmed case, yet its proximity, porous borders and high population mobility placed it on continuous alert (Ghana Health Service, 2015). Government and donor attention concentrated on the Ghana Health Service’s (GHS) national preparedness architecture (Ghana Ebola National Plan, 2014), while assessments of WHO-led coordination proliferated internationally (Delamou et al., 2017). What received little scholarly attention was how Ghana’s substantial network of faith-based providers organised its own outbreak communication. The National Catholic Health Service (NCHS), which operates 38 hospitals, 81 clinics and 10 nursing colleges, and delivers roughly a third of Ghana’s health output through the Christian Health Association of Ghana (Adjei, 2011) represents an important but understudied case.

This article appraises the communication strategies the NCHS deployed during the 2014-2015 outbreak, addressing a specific gap in the health communication literature on faith-based crisis response, and offers a framework for how such providers might be integrated into national outbreak communication planning going forward. The question is not merely academic: with faith-based networks delivering close to a third of Ghana’s health output, their communication readiness or lack of it has direct bearing on how quickly and completely public health messaging reaches the communities such providers serve.

THEORETICAL CONTEXT

Effective outbreak communication is widely recognised as central to containment, yet studies consistently show that formal plans alone do not guarantee preparedness (Dickmann et al., 2016). This study is grounded in three complementary frameworks. The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock, 1974) explains why individuals adopt protective behaviour based on perceived susceptibility and severity — relevant given the acute uncertainty Ghanaians expressed despite the absence of confirmed cases (Adongo et al., 2016). Diffusion of Innovation theory explains how new health behaviours spread through population subgroups over time, and Communication for Behavioural Impact (COMBI), a structured social mobilisation methodology built around leveraging existing community and institutional networks rather than constructing new ones provided the practical scaffolding most closely mirrored in the NCHS’s own approach (WHO, 2012). Taken together, these frameworks suggest that faith-based providers, with their dense pre-existing congregational and staff networks, are theoretically well positioned for rapid social mobilisation, but not necessarily for the sustained reassurance that risk communication also demands (Schiavo, 2014).

METHODOLOGY

The study used a concurrent mixed-methods design (Creswell & Clark, 2007), combining a 100-respondent structured survey across two NCHS facilities: St. Luke Catholic Hospital, Apam, and St. Gregory Catholic Hospital, Gomoa-Budumburam with semi-structured interviews of two NCHS Directorate Health officers. Facilities were purposively selected from among those identified as high-risk under the NCHS’s Canadian High Commission-funded preparedness training. Respondents were predominantly female (79%) and drawn from nursing (65%), with 95% holding tertiary qualifications, a workforce well positioned to interpret technical health messaging. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively; qualitative interview data were coded thematically against three domains including strategy, effectiveness, and gaps matching the study’s three research objectives.

FINDINGS

Two strategies dominated the NCHS response. Information Education Communication (IEC) relied heavily on social media: 67% of respondents cited WhatsApp as an information source, alongside health outreach and flyers (each reported at 30%), interpersonal communication (27%), and public announcements (14%). Social Mobilisation activity centred on staff durbars, confirmed by 63% of respondents, followed by church and mosque engagement (41%), school sensitisation (21%), community durbars (18%), and outreach to market women and driver unions (12% and 8% respectively). This pattern reflects a provider that mobilised its existing institutional and congregational networks rather than building outbreak-specific channels from scratch consistent with COMBI’s emphasis on working through existing social infrastructure (WHO, 2012).

On effectiveness, respondents were broadly positive: 88% rated NCHS messaging as either extensive (45%) or very extensive (43%), with only 12% describing it as merely somewhat extensive. Interview data corroborated this: NCHS officers described using internal monitoring tools to verify sensitisation activity across facilities.

Yet 56% of respondents identified gaps, and the qualitative data clarify why. First, fear operated as a double-edged driver: it motivated engagement with sensitisation content but simultaneously undermined the reassurance that messaging was meant to provide, leaving staff and community members uncertain of their safety despite high message exposure. Second, respondents flagged the adequacy of local-language translation as a persistent weakness, echoing a broader tension in Ghana’s wider outbreak response: high awareness does not equate to full comprehension (Adongo et al., 2016). Third, and most significant for policy, neither survey respondents nor interviewees could point to a documented, NCHS-specific health emergency communication plan; the response instead relied on GHS protocols and improvised adaptation of existing institutional communication habits.

DISCUSSION

These findings extend the outbreak communication literature in two ways. First, they demonstrate that faith-based providers can achieve high message reach through pre-existing social capital congregational networks, staff durbars, community trust without a formal outbreak communication plan, partially validating COMBI’s premise that social mobilisation succeeds by working through existing structures rather than building parallel ones (WHO, 2012). Second, and more critically, the findings expose the limits of that approach: reach is not the same as reassurance. The persistence of fear and uncertainty despite extensive messaging suggests that faith-based providers need risk communication training specifically oriented toward psychological reassurance and rumour management, not simply message dissemination (Böl, 2015). This matters beyond Ghana: CHAG-affiliated and comparable faith-based networks across sub-Saharan Africa deliver a substantial share of frontline care in exactly the rural and peri-urban settings where outbreak risk communication is hardest to execute through government channels alone (Boateng, 2017). A network capable of assembling a durbar within days, or reaching congregants through an existing Sunday gathering, is also a network that public health authorities have historically under-resourced and under-consulted in formal emergency planning, a mismatch this study’s findings make difficult to ignore.

CONCLUSION AND CONTRIBUTION

The NCHS’s Ebola-period communication response was resourceful but reactive. Its reliance on Social Mobilisation and IEC materials achieved wide reach, yet the absence of a documented emergency communication protocol, and unresolved gaps around fear and translation, point to a structural vulnerability likely shared by many faith-based providers operating in similar contexts. The principal contribution of this study is empirical and specific: it is among the first appraisals of a faith-based provider’s outbreak communication strategy in Ghana, rather than of government or WHO-led coordination, and it demonstrates that institutional trust and network density are necessary but insufficient substitutes for a documented risk communication plan. Accordingly, this study recommends that national outbreak preparedness frameworks formally integrate faith-based networks such as CHAG and NCHS into pre-negotiated risk communication protocols, complete with translated message banks and fear-management guidance, rather than treating their contribution as an informal auxiliary to be assessed only after the fact. Doing so would convert an improvised strength into a planned, institutional capability ahead of the next health emergency, and would extend the reach of national risk communication into precisely the congregational and community networks that formal government channels most often struggle to penetrate.

REFERENCES

Adjei, G. A. (2011). About NCHS. National Catholic Health Service. http://www.nchs.org.gh/

Adongo, P., Tabong, P., Asampong, E., Ansong, J., Robalo, M., & Adanu, R. (2016). Beyond knowledge and awareness: Addressing misconceptions in Ghana’s preparation towards an outbreak of Ebola virus disease. PLOS ONE. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0149627

Boateng, K. Y. (2017). CHAG launches golden jubilee. https://kwesiyirenkyi.blogspot.com/2017/08/chag-launches-golden-jubilee.html

Böl, G. (2015). Risk communication in times of crisis: Pitfalls and challenges in ensuring preparedness instead of hysterics. EMBO Reports. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201541678

Creswell, J., & Clark, P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage Publications.

Delamou, A., Delvaux, T., Ayadi, A. M., Beavogui, A. H., Okumura, J., Van Damme, W., & De Brouwere, V. (2017). Public health impact of the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa: Seizing opportunities for the future. BMJ Global Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000202

Dickmann, P., Abraham, T., Sarkar, S., Wysocki, P., Cecconi, S., Apfel, F., & Nurm, Ü. (2016). Risk communication as a core public health competence in infectious disease management: Development of the ECDC training curriculum and programme. Eurosurveillance, 21(14).

Ghana Ebola National Plan. (2014). National preparedness and response plan for the prevention and control of Ebola viral disease. Ministry of Health, Ghana.

Ghana Health Service. (2015). Ghana Health Service 2014 annual report. https://www.ghanahealthservice.org/downloads/Ghana_Health_Service_2014_Annual_Report.pdf

Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403

Schiavo, R. (2014). Health communication: From theory to practice (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.

World Health Organization. (2012). Communication for behavioural impact (COMBI): A toolkit for behavioural and social communication in outbreak response. WHO.

World Health Organization. (2018). Managing epidemics: Key facts about major deadly diseases. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/Managing/Epedemics.pdf